obedience in psychology

The bases of social power. Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Perhaps the most important study ever performed in the field of Social Psychology. The Stanford Prison Study and Abu Ghraib. function Gsitesearch(curobj){ curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value }. Recent research by Stephen Reicher and Alex Haslam (2006) suggests that this is indeed the case. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/03/science/03conv.html?_r=0#. However, against the backdrop of the threat posed by Nazi Germany, his defiant and stubborn nature provided just the inspiration many sought. As with reward power, coercive power is more likely to produce public compliance than private acceptance. (. Were they afraid, or was there something in their personality that made them like that? Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making, Improving Group Performance and Decision Making, Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Social Groups, 11. Power is greater when the person being influenced has a strong desire to obtain the reward, and power is weaker when the individual does not need the reward. In one replication the status of the experimenter was reduced by having the experiment take place in a building located in Bridgeport, Connecticut, rather than at the labs on the Yale University campus, and the research was ostensibly sponsored by a private commercial research firm instead of by the university. Under Hitler’s direction, the German SS troops oversaw the execution of 6 million Jews as well as other “undesirables,” including political and religious dissidents, homosexuals, mentally and physically disabled people, and prisoners of war. In some cases, legitimate power can even be used successfully by those who do not seem to have much power. Those with legitimate power may not only create changes in the behavior of others but also have the power to create and change the social norms of the group. » Read on about bystander apathy -» 10. The experimenter explained that the teacher’s job would be to sit in the control room and to read a list of word pairs to the learner. (2001). ', but he quickly found that we are all surprisingly obedient to people in authority. Describe and interpret the results of Stanley Milgram’s research on obedience to authority. (1986). After Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans in 2005, the people there demanded that the United States federal government help them rebuild the city. In one of the most famous series of experiments in psychology Milgram (1963-74) demonstrated that most participants would give a helpless victim fatal electric shocks when ordered to. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371–378. The guards quickly moved to stop the rebellion by using both psychological punishment and physical abuse. The experimenter explained that the goal of the research was to study the effects of punishment on learning. Studies similar to Milgram’s findings have since been conducted all over the world (Blass, 1999), with obedience rates ranging from a high of 90% in Spain and the Netherlands (Meeus & Raaijmakers, 1986) to a low of 16% among Australian women (Kilham & Mann, 1974). Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination, Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination, 12. Let me out of here! Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The role of personality, situations, and their interactions. (2003). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Influence and leadership. Social power can be defined as the ability of a person to create conformity even when the people being influenced may attempt to resist those changes (Fiske, 1993; Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003). Bosses have power over their workers, parents have power over their children, and, more generally, we can say that those in authority have power over their subordinates. Still others, however, continued to present the questions, and to administer the shocks, under the pressure of the experimenter, who demanded that they continue. Compliance & Obedience. The students in this condition relied almost exclusively on coercive power rather than attempting to use their legitimate power to develop positive relations with the subordinates. Taming and promoting charisma to change organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 307–330. The conclusion of these researchers is clear: having power may lead people to use it, even though it may not be necessary, which may then lead them to believe that their subordinates are performing only because of the threats. ), International handbook of personality and intelligence. Let me out! You will read about the famous study on obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram, and watch two psychologists talk about their research with meerkats and chimpanzees. Eichmann was declared sane by six psychiatrists, he had a normal family life and observers at his trial described him as very average. Although it did not increase the workers’ performance, having the extra power had a negative effect on the power-holders’ images of the workers. While both are forms of social influence, we most often tend to conform to our peers, whereas we obey those in positions of authority. A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5,184–200. Finding hope in knowing the universal capacity for evil. New York Times. In addition to classifying individuals according to their leadership styles, Fiedler also classified the situations in which groups had to perform their tasks, both on the basis of the task itself and on the basis of the leader’s relationship to the group members. Perhaps the most consequential use of the obedience studies by the legal profession was during a South African trial in the late 1980s of 13 defendants accused of murder during mob actions. ), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78. Milgram’s studies on obedience demonstrated the remarkable extent to which the social situation and people with authority have the power to create obedience. Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765–780. Millions of people were killed in Nazi Germany in concentration camps but Hitler couldn't have killed them all, nor could a handful of people. Cognitive Psychology Learning Approach > Psychodynamic Approach Biological Approach Statistical Tests Godden & Baddeley Aim: To investigate the effects of context cues on recall. The variety of rewards that can be used by the powerful is almost endless and includes verbal praise or approval, the awarding of status or prestige, and even direct financial payment. They were to begin with the smallest possible shock (15 volts) but with each mistake the shock was to increased by one level (an additional 15 volts). Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C., & Hua, W. (2009). var idcomments_post_id; The Milgram paradigm after 35 years: Some things we now know about obedience to authority. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 955–978. In M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds. Retrieved from http://www.prisonexp.org/links.htm). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 955–978. Recently, Milgram’s results were almost exactly replicated, using men and women from a wide variety of ethnic groups, in a study conducted by Jerry Burger at Santa Clara University. French and Raven’s final source of power is expert power. To demonstrate this, Milgram conducted research that explored a number of variations on his original procedure, each of which demonstrated that changes in the situation could dramatically influence the amount of obedience. The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1362–1377. Following the Second World War - and in particular the Holocaust - psychologists set out to investigate the phenomenon of human obedience. One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University. The Milgram obedience experiment was the first and most infamous study on the authority bias, and was conducted in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a professor of psychology at Yale University. Although power can be abused by those who have it, having power also creates some positive outcomes for individuals. 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