Torosian CD (1971) Ultrastructural study of endosperm haustorial cells of Lobelia dunnii Greene (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae). Asterisks show differences between cultured seeds of the control treatment and seeds without the operculum at each evaluation time (Student’s t-test, 5 % probability). Endosperm reserve mobilization in palm seeds, which in most cases is dependent on the conclusion of germination (Domínguez and Cejudo, 2014; Yan et al., 2014), is still poorly understood. At the same time a central vacuole appears, which pushes the … The embryo is composed of two regions: the cotyledonary petiole (which includes the embryonic axis), which is cylindrical, has a yellowish colour and is situated in a more external position; the haustorium is curved, has a whitish colour and is located internally. Bars represent standard error of the mean. The mobilization of haustorium reserves was associated with germination and involved distinct hormonal alterations in the endosperm related to H2O2 production. (B, C) Details of the micropylar region of seeds with the operculum removed, 2 d (B) and 5 d (C) after sowing, showing the protrusion of the cotyledonary petiole. Transcriptome analysis uncovers key regulatory and metabolic aspects of soybean embryonic axes during germination, Hypoxia interferes with ABA metabolism and increases ABA sensitivity in embryos of dormant barley grains, Breaking down walls—a role for endo-β-mannase in release from seed dormancy, Seeds: physiology of development, germination and dormancy, Control of macaw palm seed germination by the gibberellin/abscisic acid balance, Expression pattern of four storage xyloglucan mobilization-related genes during seedling development of the rain forest tree, Seed cell wall storage polysaccharides: models to understand cell wall biosynthesis and degradation, Mobilisation of storage cell wall polysaccharides in seeds, Dormancy is modulated by seed structures in palms of the Cerrado biome, Influence of the testa on seed dormancy, germination, and longevity in, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Structure, composition and physiological state of the endosperm of, Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in the haustorium of date (, Endosperm structure and storage reserve histochemistry in the palm, Embryo structure and storage reserve histochemistry in the palm, Structure and biochemistry of endosperm breakdown in date palm (, Hormonal profile and the role of cell expansion in the germination control of Cerrado biome palms seeds, Programmed cell death (PCD): an essential process of cereal seed development and germination, Oxidative signaling in seed germination and dormancy, Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods, Programmed cell death in plants: new insights into redox regulation and the role of hydrogen peroxide, International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, Reactive oxygen species and plant hormones, The dynamics of plant cell wall in muro modifications and its physiological implications on seed germination, New challenges in seed biology - basic and translational research driving seed technology. A sample extract with the addition of only PHBAH was used as the blank. Schematic representation of the main events related to reserve mobilization and the establishment of the endosperm digestion zone in Butia capitata seeds. Key Terns: Embryo, Endosperm, Oils, Proteins, Seed Germination, Starch What is Endosperm. ENDOSPERM Endosperm is the most common nutritive tissue for the developing embryo in angiosperms. Morphological and histochemical evaluations of the haustorium, the endosperm adjacent to the embryo, and the peripheral endosperm of dry, imbibed, dormant seeds and seeds geminating for 2, 5 and 10 d were performed. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm PTFE membrane and analysed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem spectrometry (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using a HALO™ C18 column (2.1 × 75 mm, 2.7 mm) (Advanced Materials Technology, Inc. Wilmington, USA) with 0.05 % glacial acetic acid (solvent A) and acetonitrile with 0.05 % glacial acetic acid (solvent B). 6). Embryonic signalling, possibly through GA and CK, is involved in overcoming the ABA-imposed blockage of endo-β-mannanase activity in the endosperm of lettuce seeds (Bewley, 1997; Bewley et al., 2013). 1B) 2 d after sowing. Some DEGs were identified to be upregulated along with the haustoria development (e.g., 68 RP and 26 ubiquitin genes). It grows to a size that it uses to cross out the integument of ovary to grab the nourishment. A schematic summary of the main events associated with reserve mobilization in B. capitata seeds is presented in Figure 9. All rights reserved. (3) Helobial type of endosperm: It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and the cellular. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Longitudinally sectioned seeds. Endosperm: Have endosperm: Without endosperm: Perisperm: The perisperm does not grow from the nucellus. We studied structural and physiological aspects of the initial phases of reserve mobilization in seeds of a neotropical palm, Butia capitata, and sought to characterize the interactions between the different developmental pathways of the haustorium and endosperm. Samples were then centrifuged at 9500 g for 15 min at 4 °C and the supernatant was removed. Ribeiro LM, Garcia QS, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Rodríguez-Gacio M del C, Iglesias-Fernandez R, Carbonero P, Matilla AJ. Endosperm haustoria may develop in all three types of endo-sperm. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Endosperm—Its Morphology, infrastructure, and Histochemistry. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E. Bailly C, Maarouf-Bouteau H, Corbineau F. Bellieny-Rabelo D, Oliveira EAG de, Ribeiro E da S, Costa EP, Oliveira AEA, Venancio TM. Increases in the concentrations of the hormones Z, CT, IAA and ACC (an ethylene precursor), as observed here in the endosperm, are considered to be related to ROS signalling (Palma and Kermode, 2003; Bewley et al., 2013). 6.6), which may be either free-nucleate or cellular, some-times even amoeboid. Samples of haustorium tissue (removed from the distal cotyledon region), the endosperm adjacent to the embryo/seedling (1 mm thickness) and peripheral endosperm tissue (distal region of the seed) were removed from dry seeds, imbibed seeds and seeds cultured with and without the operculum, after 2, 5 and 10 d, following Dias et al. The results were expressed in terms of micromolar equivalent of reducing sugar per minute per gram of fresh sample mass. 3 and Supplementary Data Fig. Biochemical analyses included determinations of endo-β-mannanase activity, hormonal profiling (20 hormones belonging to eight classes) and H2O2 quantification in various tissues. storage products in endosperm. The BR concentrations increased in the haustorium and adjacent endosperm of control treatment seeds, but decreased in germinated seeds (Fig. The sections were then stained with xylidine ponceau (Vidal, 1970) for protein identification; periodic acid–Schiff reagent (PAS) (Feder and O’Brien, 1968) for neutral polysaccharide identification; and Sudan black in glycerine (10 %) (Johansen, 1940, modified) to identify lipids. 4A), although cell width did not show any significant variations (Fig. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. There are two types of seeds: Albuminous seed and Exalbuminous seed. Asterisks show differences between cultured seeds of the control treatment and seeds without operculum at each evaluation time (Student’s t-test, 5 % probability). (2014), based on reactions between enzyme hydrolysis products with galactomannan locust bean gum (LBG) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PHBAH). The solvent was again added to the precipitate and the extraction procedure was repeated three times. Associations of those events in the haustoria of B. capitata promote the formation of aerenchyma, which facilitates O2 diffusion. Samples of the haustorium and adjacent endosperm were fixed in Karnovsky’s solution (Karnovsky, 1965), dehydrated in an ethanol series, and embedded in 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) following Paiva et al. Tables S1–3: tables presenting average values of endogenous hormones in the haustorium, adjacent endosperm and peripheral endosperm of dry, imbibed, germinating and germinated seeds of Butia capitata. Although it is recognized that the mobilization patterns of these reserves in palm seeds follows a general pattern found (for example) in endospermic legumes (Alang et al., 1988; DeMason, 1988; Buckeridge, 2010; Bewley et al., 2013), there are still many aspects to be elucidated from a biochemical point of view, particularly in terms of the hormonal regulation of this mobilization at the tissue level. The supernatant was then added to the enzymatic substrate (0.25 % LBG in 0.1 m sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.7), and held for 3 h at 40 °C; 5 % (w/v) p-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared in 0.5 m HCl was then added and stabilized with 0.5 m NaOH and the system was kept in a water bath at 95 °C for 5 min. Data were submitted to ANOVA and compared by the Tukey test (at the 5 % level of probability). vacuole until the endosperm becomes entirely cellular. The CS contents increased in the haustoria of control treatment and germinating seeds (Fig. The formation of the aerenchyma in the haustorium favours O2 diffusion to the adjacent endosperm, and increases in H2O2 concentrations were observed in this tissue in germinated seeds (Fig. This study used a simple in vitro assay to characterize natural and synthetic molecules that induce haustoria in the facultative parasite Triphysaria versicolor. 7H–I). Two days after sowing, the mobilization of protein reserves in the haustorium intensified in the control treatment seeds, and there were discrete depositions of starch (Fig. There were decreases in the hormone levels of all structures after establishment of the endosperm digestion zone in germinated seeds. The CK concentrations were not altered in the endosperm, except for a reduction observed in the peripheral endosperm of germinated seeds 5 d after sowing (Fig. The collapsed cells in the control, imbibed, germinating and germinated seeds were identical, indicating that the cells observed near the haustorium in early germination stages later became degraded. n = 4 replicates of 80 mg. 9). The endosperm is primarily a storage tissue and its main function is to provide starch and other nutrients to the growing embryo. Contents of ACC (the precursor of ethylene) increased in the adjacent endosperm of germinating seeds, but became reduced in the three tissue structures analysed in germinated seeds 10 d after sowing. In the present work, ROS formation was observed in the haustorium of germinating seeds in the form of increases in H2O2 concentrations. Haustorium, highly modified stem or root of a parasitic plant or a specialized branch or tube originating from a hypha of a fungus. plasm of endosperm haustoria usually is dense although it contains a number of small vacuoles.
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