google_ad_slot = "4852765988"; Thus, diglossia in Iraq Turkmen and standard Turkish (of Turkey) has become a widespread phenomenon. An Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) officer and his family got injured in an armed attack on late Tuesday in Kirkuk city, according to security sources, APA reports quoting AA. [132] Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. According to Mesut Yeğen, documents from the British Foreign Office claim that the Turkmens made a majority in the city of Erbil in 1919[98][99] The 1957 Iraqi census (which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath regime[100]) recorded 567,000 Turks out of a total population of 6.3 million, forming 9% of the total Iraqi population. ^ Maruf, Aydın (July 7, 2014). Thus, most of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in Erbil in 1997 to unify Turkmen political influence and was composed of several Turkey-backed Turkmen … google_ad_height = 90; 18 The Iraqi Turkmen Front is a political nationalist movement for Iraqi Turkmen, which was founded as a result of the alliance of several Turkmen nationalist parties operating on the basis of a Turkmen nationalist political discourse within the framework of Iraq’s unity. [120] Since the European migrant crisis (2014-19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. He added that Turkish Forces are also training the Syrian Turks to protect their settlements and to join the fight with Syrian Turkmen Brigades in some secretly located camps. Most of the rest of the ITF's votes were in Salah ad Din province. google_ad_slot = "6416241264"; [145], Flag used by Iraqi Turkmen and officially by, Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification, harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFTaylor2004 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStansfield2007 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFFattahCaso2009 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJohanson2001 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFShanks2016 (. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader Saadeddin Arkej), two or four from the United Iraqi Alliance, one from the Iraqi Accord Front and one from the Kurdistani Alliance. This official agreement between ITF, Iraqi Government and KRG will be guaranteed officially by the Republic of Turkey. [137], According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. In consequence of the killing, the head of the ITF called on the Iraqi government to offer protection to Turkmen lawmakers. [93], The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Muslims. [58] Kelsey Shanks has argued that "the move to Turkish can be seen as a means to strengthen the collective "we" identity by continuing to distinguish it from the other ethnic groups. [7] There were 7 other non-ITF Turkmen candidates who were elected to the parliament from various lists. [33] The Ottomans encouraged migration from Anatolia and the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along northern Iraq, religious scholars were also brought in to preach Hanafi (Sunni) Islam. [87] According to Article 1, no law, order, or act of government was allowed to contradict the terms of the 1932 constitution, nor could it be changed in the future. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 15:53. [83][51], Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous;[83][52] dialects can vary according to regional features. WHEBN0001498529 /* 728x90, created 7/15/08 */ He finally said that besides the Turkmens they train, the Turkish Army's official decision to join the Mosul offensive that is currently being planned against ISIL, itself, will be determined after their talks with the coalition forces. [138] Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen. [39], The Iraqi Turkmen are mostly Muslims and have close cultural and linguistic ties with the Anatolian region of Turkey. He demanded that one of the eight unfilled Cabinet seats be given to a Turkmen. 17 likes. The ITF polled just 7,077 votes, or 0.38% of the popular vote, winning 1 seat. [18][19][3][25], The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000[26]–5,000[27][28] Oghuz Turks were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad. [127] Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. [136] The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in Tal Afar. [109][114] The second-largest Iraqi Turkmen city is Tel Afar where they make up 95% of the inhabitants. On 17 March 2014, an official of the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) was shot dead. Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. [102] However, due to the undemocratic environment, their number has always been underestimated and has long been a point of controversy. The Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) is calling for a "special federal model" in the city of Kirkuk, an ITF spokesman told Anadolu Agency on Wednesday. According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000 – an increase of more than 400 per cent from the previous year's total. The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century, followed by migrations during the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the fleeing Oghuz during the Mongol destruction of the Khwarazmian dynasty (see Kara Koyunlu and Ag Qoyunlu), and the largest migration, during the Ottoman Empire (1535–1919). Arshad al-Salihi, head of the Iraqi Turkmen Front, has called for the establishment of an autonomous zone following the retaking of Turkmen regions around Mosul. According to him, the attacks on ITF members had the aim to scare Iraqi Turkmens. On 17 March 2014, an official of the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) was shot dead. google_ad_client = "pub-2707004110972434"; [91], The current prevalence of satellite television and media exposure from Turkey may have led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture. //-->. Like so many other minority groups, Turkmen fell victim to the Islamic State (IS) group's rapid advance across Syria and Iraq last summer. [137] The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. [96][109] Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: ...what Turkmens refer to as Turkmeneli – a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. [57] Further bans on the Turkish language were made in the 1980s when the Baath regime prohibited the Iraqi Turkmen from speaking Turkish in public. [97] Furthermore, international organizations such as the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen community is 3 million or 9–13% of the Iraqi population. [115] The once mainly Turkoman cities of the Diyala Province and Kifri have been heavily Kurdified and Arabized. Therefore, the Iraqi Turkmen (as well as the Syrian Turkmen and Anatolian Turkmen) do not identify themselves with the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. [94] A small minority of the Iraqi Turkmen are Catholics,[10][11] it is estimated their number at about 30,000. [52] In particular, standard (i.e. Sexual Content In the election, they received just over 90,000 votes, or 1.1% of votes cast, earning them three seats in the transitional National Assembly of Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen primarily inhabit northern Iraq, particularly in a region they refer to as "Turkmeneli" – which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq. [104] The 1997 census states that there was 600,000[3][105] Iraqi Turkmen out of a total population of 22,017,983,[106] forming 2.72% of the total Iraqi population; however, this census only allowed its citizens to indicate belonging to one of two ethnicities, Arab or Kurd, this meant that many Iraqi Turkmen identified themselves as Arabs (the Kurds not being a desirable ethnic group in Saddam Hussein's Iraq), thereby skewing the true number of Iraqi Turkmen. Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. According to him, the attacks on ITF members had the aim to scare Iraqi Turkmens. [18] Following the conquest, Kirkuk came firmly under Turkish control and was referred to as "Gökyurt",[34] it is this period in history whereby modern Iraqi Turkmen claim association with Anatolia and the Turkish state. [126], Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. The Iraqi Turkmen Front recently intensified demands for the governorship of Kurkik to go to a Turkmen figure “after Arabs and Kurds occupied it for the past 17 years,” according to a recent statement issued by the President of the Turkmen Front Arshad Salhi inviting Iraqi political parties to engage in dialogue in order to change the local administration in the province. [123] The spark for the conflict had been a dispute between a Levi soldier and an Iraqi Turkmen shopkeeper, which was enough for the British to allow the Levies to attack the Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in the massacre of some 200 people. [123], Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, Kirkuk. [9] The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: Altun Kupri, Badra, Bakuba, Diala, Erbil, Khanaqin, Kifri, Kirkuk, Kizilribat, Mendeli, Mosul, Salahaldeen, Sancar, Tal Afar, and Tuz Khurmatu. On 30 April 2014, legislative elections took place in Iraq. On Sunday, March 14,th, 2004, there has an assasination attempt on the president of the Iraqi Turkmen Front Dr. Farouk Abdullah at Khalis, 50 Km north of Baghdad while on his way to Kirkuk. The ITF has won a total of 127,989 votes in general in Iraq, increasing their total vote cast by 34,600. The head of the Turkmen Front MP Arshad al-Salehi said in a news conference that "this government is not able to complete reforms within 45 days," noting that "al-Marjiyaa stressed on change, and reform is necessary." The ITF claims a region named Turkmeneli (literally meaning the "land of the Turkmens"[2]) as the homeland by the Iraqi Turkmens. The head of the Iraqi Turkmen front Ershad Salihi has said they do not accept that the upcoming referendum by the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) be held in regions where Turkmens constitute the … [28][19] After defeating the Safavids on December 31, 1534, Suleiman entered Baghdad and set about reconstructing the physical infrastructure in the province and ordered the construction of a dam in Karbala and major water projects in and around the city's countryside. Iraqi-Turkmen front speaks out against KRG referendum. //-->, This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization. [56] Consequently, the Turkish language, alongside Kurdish, was to be recognized as an official language under the Iraqi constitution of 1932: "in the liwa of Kirkuk, where a considerable part of the population is of Turkmen race, the official language, side by side with Arabic, shall be either Kurdish or Turkish". On 30 April 2014, legislative elections took place in Iraq. Political / Social. With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks—predominantly from Anatolia—settled down in Iraq. Reproduction Date: The Iraqi Turkmen Front (Turkish: Irak Türkmen Cephesi, Arabic: الجبهة التركمانية العراقي Al-Jabhat Al-Turkmaniyah Al-Iraqi) is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Turkmen people of Iraq. The Persians ruled the city until 1638 when a massive Ottoman force, led by Sultan Murad IV, recaptured the city. [104], In 2004 Scott Taylor suggested that the Iraqi Turkmen population accounted for 2,080,000 of Iraq's 25 million inhabitants (forming 8.32% of the population)[5] whilst Patrick Clawson has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen make up about 9% of the total population. [4], Lately, on March 15, 2015, it was declared by ITF Member of Parliament Aydın Maruf, that; an official Turkmen Brigade of the Iraqi army will be created in the near future, starting with 500 men and then growing up to 1500 in short time for the defense of Tel'afar, Kifri and other major Turkmen settlements from ISIL and also for the planned offense of the areas which are officially under Iraqi Government control like Mosul against ISIL in the ongoing Iraqi insurgency. [8], In the latest Iraqi parliamentary election in 2014, the ITF has protected its total parliament member count of 10 and protecting the number of their directly elected number of candidates from ITF-Turkmen lists(without alliances) but also increasing the total number of ITF parliamenters to 3,[9] as a result of the victory of the ITF member who participated in Muttahidun Lil'Islah List, Hena Asğar, in Tuz Khormato, a major Turkmen settlement located in the Tooz District of the Governorate of Saladin. Currently, the frontlines … For example, the Ba'th regime recognised that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. Istanbul) Turkish as a prestige language has exerted a profound influence on their dialects;[53] thus, the syntax in Iraqi Turkmen differs sharply from neighboring Irano-Turkic varieties. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of Erbil, a city which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. [26] They arrived in 674 with the Umayyud conquest of Basra. On 31 August 1996, the Iraqi government assault on Irbil destroyed the headquarters of the Turkoman parties. For example, there is a significant community living in Iraq's capital city of Baghdad. But … Representations of Iraqi Turkmen Front [9][10], Arabic language, Iraq, World War I, Assyrian people, Ottoman Empire, Constitution of Iraq, Iraq, Governorates of Iraq, Council of Representatives of Iraq, Districts of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Bahrain, Christianity, Iraq, Syriac Christianity, Romania, Mexico, Assyrian people, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Jonah, Kurds, Iraq, South Azerbaijani language, Political party, Iraq, Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkey, Politics of Iraq, Iraq, Liberalism, Iraqi parliamentary election, 2010, Iyad Allawi, Iraqi Kurdistan, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Movement for Change, Foreign relations of Iraqi Kurdistan, Assyrian people, Iraq, Incumbent, Iraqi Turkmen Front, Transliteration, Iraqi Turkmen, Movement for Change, Iraqi Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Islamic Union,
